Though research has meticulously detailed the evolution of these changes in industry, the trajectories of basic and applied research within universities have been less well-examined. This study addresses a void by examining the progression of publicly funded university research, patented between 1978 and 2015. We adopt a critical approach to the basic versus applied research paradigm and classify patents according to three research typologies: basic, mission-oriented, and applied. We next examine the development of these three typologies, considering their evolution within universities and their progression within the industrial sphere. A rising emphasis on pure basic research is evident in publicly funded academic patents, as evidenced by a decrease in mission-oriented basic research and applied research, starting from the late 1990s, according to our results. This research's outcomes augment and broaden the existing body of literature on research and development trends within private sector enterprises. The study examines mission-oriented research as a type of fundamental research with a built-in purpose, challenging the conventional understanding of basic and applied research. The examination offers a more complex picture of how university research evolves, revealing its engagement with both industry and broader societal development.
A more detailed examination of the global biomedical innovation ecosystem is enabled by analyzing the international public sector's contributions to FDA-approved drugs and vaccines, broken down by institution of origin. Using a blend of established and novel approaches, 364 FDA-approved drugs and vaccines developed between 1973 and 2016 and originating, in part or completely, from Public Sector Research Institutions (PSRIs) worldwide have been identified. Biomechanics Level of evidence Product-specific intellectual property contributions to FDA-approved small molecule and biologic pharmaceuticals, as well as vaccines, were identified via our study of the FDA Orange Book, peer networks, published research, and three newly discovered data sources concerning medical product manufacturers' payments to physicians and teaching hospitals as outlined in the Sunshine Act of 2010. A study by Kneller, combined with 64 royalty monetization agreements between academic institutions and/or faculty members, also formed part of our assessment, data collected by one of us (AS). ImmunoCAP inhibition A total of 293 drugs are included in our study, each either completely discovered by a U.S. PSRI or co-discovered by a U.S. and a non-U.S. entity. A list of sentences constitutes the JSON schema output. International PSRIs have contributed significantly to the development of 119 FDA-approved pharmaceuticals and vaccines; 71 resulted entirely from non-U.S. research, with an additional 48 having also leveraged intellectual property contributions from U.S. PSRIs. Regarding global public health initiatives, the United States plays a significant part in pioneering novel pharmaceuticals, claiming roughly two-thirds of the field and several groundbreaking, innovative vaccines during the last thirty years. Of the total, contributions from Canada, the UK, Germany, Belgium, Japan, and other nations each represent 54% or less.
The online version's accompanying supplementary material is situated at the URL 101007/s10961-023-10007-z.
The online version's supplementary material is situated at the URL 101007/s10961-023-10007-z for convenient access.
Using empirical methods, this paper investigates if gender diversity in European firms, assessed at varying levels of the organization, impacts their performance in terms of innovation and productivity. We introduce a structural econometric model that permits the concurrent examination of gender diversity in employment and ownership throughout the innovation process, from initial R&D choices to ultimate productivity levels. Our findings demonstrate a robust correlation between gender diversity and firm performance, exceeding the conventional factors highlighted in prior research. Despite this, differences manifest depending on the organizational tiers of the firms. Equally important, the inclusion of genders in the workforce seems to be essential to all parts of the innovation development. 2′,3′-cGAMP clinical trial Unlike the broader influence one might expect, the positive effect of gender diversity in ownership is largely confined to the stages of innovation development and implementation; in addition, exceeding a certain threshold of female representation is negatively correlated with firm productivity.
Clinical development of patented drug candidates is subject to strict selection criteria enforced by pharmaceutical companies, mindful of the financial and risk implications. We contend that the scientific basis of drug candidates and the researchers responsible for that scientific foundation are critical in determining inclusion into clinical trials, and whether the patent holder ('in-house trial development') or a different entity ('outsourced trial development') will direct the clinical development efforts. We posit that drug candidates, patented and referencing scientific research, are more likely to be prioritized for development, while internal scientific research, conducted in-house, is predominantly adopted internally, owing to the streamlined knowledge transfer within the company. A scrutiny of 18,360 drug candidates, patented by 136 pharmaceutical firms, substantiates these hypotheses. Moreover, drug prospects stemming from internal scientific investigations are more likely to ultimately result in successful drug development. Our work underlines the significance of 'rational drug design,' a strategy explicitly derived from rigorous scientific studies. The potential drawbacks of overly specialized organizational structures within the life sciences, particularly in the realm of scientific research or clinical development, are starkly contrasted by the advantages inherent in internal scientific research for clinical advancement.
Plastic's detrimental impact on the environment manifests as significant white pollution, while its highly inert nature poses a substantial challenge to its breakdown. The widespread use of supercritical fluids in diverse fields is directly attributable to their unique physical properties. This paper explores the utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide.
(Sc-CO
The polystyrene (PS) plastic degradation process using NaOH/HCl, under mild reaction conditions, was selected, and a response surface methodology (RSM) model was employed for the reaction kinetics analysis. A consistent pattern emerged where reaction temperature, reaction time, and NaOH/HCl concentration proved to be pivotal in influencing PS degradation efficiencies, irrespective of the assistance solutions used. At 400°C for 120 minutes, a 5% (by weight) base/acid concentration reacted with 0.15 grams of PS, yielding 12688/116995 mL of gases, of which 7418/62785 mL was hydrogen.
812/7155 mL of carbon monoxide was consumed.
. Sc-CO
A homogeneous environment was implemented, ensuring high dispersion and uniform heating of PS, which ultimately contributed to its degradation. Beyond that, Sc-CO.
Subsequent to reacting with the degradation products, the compound formed additional carbon monoxide and more methane.
and C
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A plethora of meticulously crafted sentences, each one a testament to the artistry of language, are presented to you. The addition of NaOH/HCl solution significantly enhanced the solubility of PS within Sc-CO.
Besides the provision of a base/acid environment, the reaction's activation energy was lowered, thereby improving the degradation efficiencies of the PS. In short, the Sc-CO framework exhibits a decrease in PS functionality.
Base/acid solutions prove essential for a feasible process, producing superior outcomes and acting as a valuable guide for future waste plastic disposal methods.
Supplementary materials for the online version are accessible at 101007/s42768-023-00139-1.
The supplementary materials, which are part of the online version, can be accessed at 101007/s42768-023-00139-1.
The environment is overwhelmed by plastic waste, due to the excessive exploitation, negligence, its non-degradable nature, and the detrimental effect of its physical and chemical properties. Accordingly, plastic enters the food chain, triggering detrimental health effects for both aquatic animals and humans. The current literature on plastic waste removal is reviewed, encompassing the reported techniques and approaches. Adsorption, coagulation, photocatalysis, and microbial degradation, plus approaches such as reduction, reuse, and recycling, are potentially prominent methods, differing substantially in their effectiveness and interaction mechanisms. Beyond this, a detailed look at the strengths and weaknesses of these procedures and methodologies is offered to guide the selection of promising avenues for a sustainable future. However, in addition to lessening plastic pollution in the ecosystem, various alternative means of capitalizing on plastic waste have been explored. The research in these fields includes the development of adsorbents for the elimination of pollutants from liquid and gaseous streams, as well as their application in textile industries, waste-to-energy conversion systems, fuel production, and highway (road) construction. Reduction of plastic pollution in diverse ecosystems offers substantial evidence. Subsequently, gaining knowledge about factors that require attention when exploring different pathways and potential uses for plastic waste (such as adsorbents, clothing, energy production, and fuels) is significant. This review's focus is on the advancement of methods and approaches for tackling global plastic pollution, alongside the potential of transforming this waste into useful resources.
Reserpine (Res) is implicated in the induction of anxiety-like behaviors, orofacial dyskinesia, and neurodegeneration in animals, a phenomenon whose pathophysiology is associated with oxidative stress. We investigated the preventative impact of naringenin (NG) on reserpine-induced anxiety-like behaviors, orofacial dyskinesia, and neurodegeneration in the context of male rat models.